So there I was...
sitting in one of our philosophy department "brown bag" meetings sometime last year at UCONN -- I believe Dr. Kupperman was presenting a talk on utilitarianism -- and an interesting conversation came up regarding the education of military members on tough ethical issues.
Needless to say, I was interested.
Basically, a small debate arose over whether or not we should even teach future military members about unethical practices such as torture. (I think the disagreement was between Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Kupperman if I recall correctly).
One side thought that if we bring something like torture into the (relatively) sterile classroom environment, then eventually the students examining it in this type of environment become de-senitized to it. The idea being that if we teach military students about torture, then it can make it seem more normal -- once you start analyzing something like torture, the more and more normal it can begin to sound. The fear being, of course, that then if those military folks are later in a situation where torture is brought up, it will be considered a more normal option -- it is now something "on the table," as it were. They've considered it, weighed it, discussed it... it's part of the conversation. So, this position went on, they would rather a military education classroom never even discuss torture -- don't even give it that normalcy. By discussing something we are opening the can on it. The folks holding this position were rather passionate about it: "The last thing you'd ever want to do is teach military members about torture!"
The opposing position, of course, was sincerely convinced that military members are precisely the folks who need to deeply analyze, debate, and converse over tough topics such as torture. The idea here being that if/when that military member is later presented with a torture situation they are better equiped to handle it and rationally deliberate on it (and hopefully be more likely to make the right decision).
Obviously,it should be clear enough where I fall on this. If I was convinced by the first position (we'll call it the "don't normalize it" position) then I certainly wouldn't be teaching future military officers about the ethics of war. But I remember thinking then and now again as I reflect on it, the argument does indeed raise some interesting questions.
A good parrallel, I think, is to be found in marriage. Many couples I know suggest and a lot of the advice you hear or read from marriage "experts" is for couples to to literally never even bring up the "D" word. The idea is that once you start talking about divorce (what it would be like, what we would do if we got divorced, how we would handle it, what is divorce's moral status, etc, etc) you've put the option on the table. By even talking about divorce a couple makes it that much more likely that the option will happen because the option slowly becomes more and more normalized and plausible as it is discussed.
So... If it's smart to never even bring up the "D" word in marriage, then perhaps it's wise to never bring up the "T" word (and others, one would presume) in the military.
I'm not convinced... but it is a curious argument. Any takers? Any defenders of the "don't normalize it" position? Any good arguments on why this position (and parallel positions, perhaps) fail?
Wednesday, August 9, 2006
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2 comments:
I'll catch up and try to respond to everyone.
Rik,
I think I agree with your reasoning here on the whole. You are correct to make a distinction between the marriage situation and ethical debates. I support your analysis. Although, I am betting that several of the cadets here might disagree with you that "only the most implausible kind of Utilitarianism will mandate such behavior [torture] anyway". We shall see.
Lauren,
you are right to point out that military members are not the only ones who could face the temptation to torture. What concerns me is the assumption you have that the military member in such a situation should forego their own moral reasoning in order to abide by societal standards. You write: "...the students will know exactly where they and society stand on the issue and won't have to make these moral decisions on the spot... discussion allows students to understand the importance of dismissing their personal moral beliefs in favor of upholding the standards of society."
On the one hand I don't think I want to encourage a student to "dismiss" their personal moral beliefs in favor of upholding the standards of society (what, after all, if SOCIETY is wrong? Would you have wanted MLK, Jr. or Gandhi to dismiss THEIR personal moral beliefs in favor of upholding standards?). But, on the other hand, if you are suggesting that some soldiers may personally think torture IS morally acceptable -- then, I suppose, I would want them to forego their beliefs in torture tempting situations. That being said.... I'd rather them have their moral reasoning on the matter challenged in the first place. And as you and I seem to agree, where else would be a better place to do that than in the ethics classroom?
Colin,
good call on the racism parallel, but also good caution (torture is nowhere near as universally condemned as racism is). I agree with your reasoning here overall, but (like my question to Rik), I'll be curious if all the cadets agree with your assertion that: "people who think torture is permissible are probably either inconsistent in their moral beliefs or they intentionally advocate what they know to be wrong." That is, I am betting that several of the cadets think torture is permissible. Again, we'll see.
Rick,
You make a good case that desensitization to torture can happen (is happening) via television shows and movies more than any classroom discussion ever could. And (I certainly think) you are right to claim that discussion of the ethics surrounding torture in a classroom setting could only help prevent torture from occurring. Incidentally, your mentioning that torture "has been around since the beginning of time" gives it that nice "inevitable" feel -- and it reminds me of those recent Horowitz-esque arguments out there that are becoming more and more popular these days (namely: since torture is inevitable, we need to legalize it and tightly regulate it in order to actually reduce the total amount of torture that occurs). But that's for another discussion.
Ruby,
I find your post curious… it at least sounds like you are advocating that torture is permissible. I'm getting this from your description of us teaching the "art and technique" of torture. I was never suggesting that we teach actually HOW TO DO torture in the classroom, but that we teach about the ethical debates surrounding torture (SHOULD we ever torture... if so, when, why, how? etc.).
You do make the case that our troops being uneducated on torture would be a disadvantage our enemies would have on us (again, I'm not sure here if you mean uneducated on torture technique or on the ethics of torture). If it is the later, then I agree: we want our troops as morally prepared as possible for any situation they may encounter.
Stinky,
you raise the all important (and never-ending) definition debate. One small point on this: surely the torture definition will include lots of necessary conditions. Could perhaps one of those necessary conditions include INTENTION? If so, then it may NOT be equivocating as to differing situations (i.e. your suggestion regarding sleep deprivation as torture in one circumstance and just "the way things are" in another – the intention of those inflicting the sleep deprivation would be part of the definition of torture… no?). We'll return to definition debates soon and the role they play across all these ethical debates.
Mack,
well done pointing out Mien Kampf. It seems in addition to that one and Rik's Lolita example we could think of dozens and dozens of similar parallels and counter-examples to this argument of “don’t teach it”.
SO, no one has yet to take up the "don't teach it" cause. It seems we have a reasonable consensus here: It is better to teach folks who have a good chance of facing certain ethical dilemmas HOW to wrestle through those dilemmas before they face them. Doing so does not (or at least we have no good reason to believe it MUST) make it more likely that they will not have the ethical issue placed in the right moral context (that is, education does not necessarily make something a "live" option, to use the William James language that Colin rightly brings up).
Wendy,
I think you misunderstood what was meant by "teaching about torture ethics" for this post. I wasn't clear and I apologize. What we are discussing here is whether or not military members should be taught about the ethical debates surrounding the practice of torture BY US. We are NOT talking about the question of us being tortured by the enemy and what we would do or not do in that circumstance -- that's a different conversation.
The classic example debated in ethics classes concerning if WE should use torture would be the ricking time bomb question. Something like: "Should we torture a known terrorist who has planted a nuclear time bomb underneath Manhatten and only he knows where it is/ how to disarm it?" The "temptation" of torture refered to was not (of course) meaning a temptation for a U.S. military member to somehow want to BE tortured. Rather it was refering to the temptation a U.S. Military member could face in debating whether or not to torture the ENEMY to gain critical information. (Like in the time bomb question).
The question of this post is whether or not we should discuss such ethical debates in a class such as this. The argument ran that if we discuss it as a possibility, that increases the likelihood that it will be considered a "live" option for a military member years later in the field when they are faced with such a scenario (say they've captured some enemy who knows where U.S. POWs are being held, etc., and they are considering torturing the enemy to try to gain that info).
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